Fig. 5

Effects of heavy grazing and no grazing on nitrogen absorption and assimilation pathways in roots and leaves of S. breviflora. The black “+” and “-“ in the figure represent the significant positive and negative effects of heavy grazing on the index compared with moderate grazing, and the red “+” and “-“ represent the significant positive and negative effects of no grazing on the index compared with moderate grazing. NR: nitrate reductase; NiR: nitrite reductase; GS: glutamine synthetase; GOGAT: glutamic acid synthetase; GOT: Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase; GPT: glutamic pyruvate transaminase; Glu: glutamate; Gln: glutamine