Metabolic activities and molecular investigations of the ameliorative impact of some growth biostimulators on chilling-stressed coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) plant

Table 7 Effect of chilling stress on coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) seeds pre-soaked in 80 mM pot. Silicate, 50 mg l^− 1 humic acid or soaked in water after exposure to γ-rays (50 Gy) and the interaction of the alleviation treatments and chilling stress on antioxidant compounds (ascorbic acid, carotenoids, flavonoids, total phenolics and proline) at flowering stage. The shown data was extracted by using 3 biological and 3 technical replicates. Each biological replicate comprised of 10 plants (one pot). To perform the biochemical analysis, the combined tissue of these ten plants refers to one technical replicate. Sample extraction was done solely for each technical replicate. The readings of the 3 technical replicates were recorded. The mean of the values was used to calculate ±SE. Also, the least significant differences (LSD) at 5% level were calculated to compare the means of different treatments according to Snedecor and Cochran [92]. The values with the same letter are not significantly different (P<0.05). The raw data set of the technical replicates was attached as a supplementary file. The percentage of increase (inc.) or decrease (dec.) caused by the chilling stress was investigated. ⬇ Refers to the percentage of decrease and ⬆ refers to the percentage of increase compared with the control values. By being the best alleviation element against the chilling stress (except for phenolic and proline), the percentage of increase in all measurements, triggered by HA application, was further investigated. This percentage was calculated by subtracting the value of control/chillied reading from the reading value of any physiological treatment, then the result was divided by the reading of control value, and finally, the result is multiplied by 100

Antioxidant compounds	Ascorbic acid (g/100 g) D. wt.	Carotenoids (μg/g) D. wt.	Flavonoids (g/100 g) D. wt.	Phenolic (g/100 g) D. wt.	Proline (μg/100 g) D. wt.
Treatment	Ascorbic acid (g/100 g) D. wt.	Carotenoids (μg/g) D. wt.	Flavonoids (g/100 g) D. wt.	Phenolic (g/100 g) D. wt.	Proline (μg/100 g) D. wt.
Control	0.47 ± 0.03^d	4.63 ± 0.24^b	0.476 ± 0.04^h	0.968 ± 0.021^c	166.3 ± 2.88^c
Chilling (6 °C ± 0.5)	0.25 ± 0.01^h	2.54 ± 0.16^c	0.571 ± 0.043^d	1.14 ± 0.021^c	320.6 ± 2.88^b
Pot. silicate (80 mM)	0.54 ± 0.01^c	6.04 ± 0.26^a	0.563 ± 0.04^e	1.13 ± 0.021^d	242.4 ± 2.88^d
Humic acid (50 mg l⁻¹)	0.73 ± 0.11^a	6.07 ± 0.11^a	0.686 ± 0.04^a	1.37 ± 0.021^a	191.1 ± 2.88^f
γ - rays (50 Gy)	0.44 ± 0.18^f	5.80 ± 0.15^a	0.498 ± 0.043^f	0.995 ± 0.015^e	228.6 ± 2.88^e
Chilling + Pot. silicate	0.48 ± 0.01^d	5.65 ± 0.11^a	0.59 ± 0.043^c	1.179 ± 0.045^b	326.4 ± 2.88^a
Chilling + Humic acid	0.62 ± 0.01^b	5.89 ± 0.05^a	0.659 ± 0.04^b	0.988 ± 0.021^f	277.6 ± 2.88^c
Chilling + γ – rays	0.37 ± 0.01^g	4.58 ± 0.12^ab	0.473 ± 0.04^h	0.950 ± 0.021^g	173.0 ± 2.88^g
LSD at 0.05	0.0017	0.277	0.00175	0.00175	0.0017
% of inc./dec. caused by chilling stress compared with control	⬇46.81	⬇48.79	⬆19.96	⬆46.9	⬆93.95
% of inc. caused by HA compared with chilling stress	148	131.89	15.41	–	–

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