Fig. 5

The de novo fatty acid and triacylglycerols biosynthetic pathways in safflower seeds. Note: The red and blue arrows represent the biosynthesis pathway in the plastid and ER, respectively. Lipid substrates are abbreviated: C16:0, palmitic acid; C18:0, stearic acid; C18:1, oleic acid; C18:2, linoleic acid; C18:3, linolenic acid. Enzyme/protein abbreviations are: DHLAT, dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase; α-PDHC, pyruvate dehydrogenase alpha subunit; β-PDHC, pyruvate dehydrogenase beta subunit; PDP, pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase; α-CT, carboxyl transferase alpha subunit; β-CT, carboxyl transferase beta subunit; BC, biotin carboxylase; BCCP, biotin carboxyl carrier protein; MCAAT, malonyl-CoA ACP transacylase; ACP, acyl carrier protein; KAS I, II, III, ketoacyl-ACP synthase I, II, III; KAR, ketoacyl-ACP reductase; HAD, hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydrase; EAR, enoyl-ACP reductase; SAD, stearoyl-ACP desaturase; FAD6, oleate desaturase (chloroplast); FAD7/8, linoleate desaturase (chloroplast); FAD2, oleate desaturase; FAD3, linoleate desaturase; FATA/B, acyl-ACP thioesterase A/B; LACS, Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Synthetase; GPAT, glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase; LPAAT, 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase; PAP, phosphatidic acid phosphatase; DGAT1/2, acyl-CoA: diacylglycerolacyltransferase 1/2; PLC, phospholipase C; CK, choline kinase; CCT, choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase; LPCAT, lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase/lyso-PAF acetyltransferase; PDAT, phospholipid:diacylglycerolacyltransferase; DAG-CPT, diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase