Fig. 1

Characteristics of calli formed from immature (IME) and mature (ME) embryos. a: Schematic diagram of sample collection for RNA-seq analysis. After surface-sterilisation of mature seeds and embryonic axis removal from immature seeds (14 days post-anthesis), embryos were isolated and cultured on callus-inducing medium (CIM). The samples for RNA-seq were collected at three time points from immature embryo-derived callus (IME_0h, IME_24h and IME_48h), and two time points from mature embryo-derived callus (ME_0h and ME_24h). b: Scutellum-induced callus formation in Golden Promise barley after 7 days of culture. Bar =500 μm. c: Scutellum-induced callus formation in Golden Promise barley after 4 weeks of culture. Bar =500 mm. d: The number of DEGs up- or downregulated during embryo-derived callus formation and between two callus induction systems. e: Venn diagram showing overlap and specific DEGs between two samples