Fig. 7

Allelic distribution of Pectin acetylesterase 8–2 for the 5-bp indel. All of the wild Andean beans possessed the functional allele (without the 5-bp insertion). Among the domesticated beans, genotypes from North America were fixed for the non-functional allele (with the 5-bp insertion). Although beans originating from Middle America had almost equal portions of alleles, the non-functional allele was prevalent within bean populations originated from Africa. The historical (1970–2000) world annual precipitation data was acquired from WorldClim version 2 [41] and plotted by ggplot2 package [42] in R. The blue and orange in the pie charts indicate the proportions associated with the functional and non-functional alleles, respectively