Fig. 2

Effects of Ascophyllum nodosum extract and chitosan on powdery mildew conidial germination. a number of germ tubes/spore, b number of appressoria/spore, c Average length of germ-tube (mm). (CHT = Chitosan 100 ppm, ANE = A. nodosum extract 0.015%, Control = Sterilized distilled water). Randomly five leaves were used per plant from 12 plants with three replicates, after pathogen inoculation. Error bars represent SD (Standard Deviation). Bars with different letters are significantly different (P ≤ 0.05; Duncan’s multiple range test)