Fig. 9

The effect of Sphingomonas SaMR12 on the relative gene expression levels of (a) GR and (b) DHAR in both shoots and roots. The white column, non-inoculated plants; the black column, SaMR12-inoculated plants. Plant samples were harvested after 7 d of treatment. The vertical line on each bar shows the standard deviation (n = 3). The different letters on the error bars indicate significant differences among treatments at p < 0.05 in shoot and root, respectively. The same letters above the bars indicate no difference between the treatments at p < 0.05. Asterisk (*) and double asterisks (**) indicate p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively, for Student’s t-test carried out between SaMR12 non-inoculated and SaMR12-inoculated samples