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Table 1 Flowering time, P-max, Cond, Ci, Tr and WUE-leaf of soybean at the flowering stage. Different letters within each treatment indicate significant differences for Fisher LSD test

From: Biochar addition alleviate the negative effects of drought and salinity stress on soybean productivity and water use efficiency

 

Flowering time

P-max

Cond

Ci

Tr

WUE-leaf

 

days

μmol CO2 m− 2 s− 1

mol H2O m− 2 s− 1

μmol CO2 mol− 1

mmol H2O m−2 s− 1

μmol mmol− 1

Drought stress (D)

 D-C

41.75 ± 0.32 c

10.20 ± 0.68 a

0.49 ± 0.03 a

325.29 ± 7.27 a

11.69 ± 0.85 a

0.95 ± 0.09 c

 D-L

42.92 ± 0.41 b

7.51 ± 0.47 b

0.30 ± 0.01 b

273.83 ± 4.90 b

5.89 ± 0.55 b

1.38 ± 0.08 b

 D-H

44.54 ± 0.26 a

6.34 ± 0.21 b

0.22 ± 0.01 c

269.69 ± 6.16 b

3.37 ± 0.16 c

1.93 ± 0.06 a

Salinity stress (S)

 Control

42.58 ± 0.33 b

8.94 ± 0.56 a

0.38 ± 0.03 a

305.58 ± 7.17 a

8.08 ± 0.83 a

1.36 ± 0.09 a

 Salinity

43.56 ± 0.32 a

7.09 ± 0.33 b

0.28 ± 0.02 b

273.62 ± 4.57 b

5.88 ± 0.63 b

1.48 ± 0.09 a

Biochar (B)

 B0

43.17 ± 0.40 a

7.02 ± 0.45 b

0.31 ± 0.03 b

289.18 ± 7.70 a

6.13 ± 0.76 a

1.38 ± 0.11 a

 B1

42.96 ± 0.41 a

8.47 ± 0.75 a

0.35 ± 0.04 a

285.04 ± 7.67 a

7.42 ± 1.00 a

1.39 ± 0.11 a

 B2

43.08 ± 0.42 a

8.55 ± 0.48 a

0.34 ± 0.03 ab

294.58 ± 7.85 a

7.40 ± 1.01 a

1.50 ± 0.12 a

ANOVA

 D

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

 S

< 0.01

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.01

0.055

 B

0.896

< 0.01

< 0.05

0.369

0.156

0.274

 D × S

0.057

< 0.01

< 0.001

0.079

0.141

< 0.001

 D × B

0.550

0.562

0.174

0.146

0.164

0.070

 S × B

0.469

< 0.05

0.094

< 0.05

0.401

< 0.001

 D × S × B

0.328

< 0.05

< 0.05

0.156

0.717

0.339

  1. Note: P-max, leaf maximum photosynthetic rate; Cond, stomatal conductance; Ci, intercellular CO2 concentration; Tr, transpiration rate; WUE-leaf, leaf water use efficiency