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Table 1 The most significantly altered genes in promoter methylation levels (|log2FC| > 2 or detected only in control berries) and expression levels (|log2FC| > 3 or detected only in melatonin-treated berries)

From: Melatonin may increase disease resistance and flavonoid biosynthesis through effects on DNA methylation and gene expression in grape berries

Gene accession no

Position of DNA methylation

(log2FC)

Gene description

Gene function

Methylation

Expression

VIT_216s0039g01320

chr16:

724,559–726,558

− 2.06

DT

Phenylalanine ammonia lyase 1 (PAL1)

Flavonoid biosynthesis

VIT_216s0100g01100

chr16:

16,557,734–16,559,733

−2.56

3.86

Stilbene synthase 1 (STS1)

VIT_200s0203g00220

chrUn:

12,072,634–12,074,633

DC

DT

G-type lectin s-receptor-like serine threonine-protein kinase

Immune response30

VIT_212s0059g00160

chr12:

5,071,913–5,073,912

−6.64

DT

Ankyrin repeat-containing protein (ACD6)

Disease resistance and antioxidation metabolism33

VIT_217s0000g07370

chr17:

8,237,664–8,239,663

−5.64

4.86

Enhanced disease susceptibility 1 (EDS1)

Plant-pathogen interaction42,43

VIT_218s0001g11830

chr18:

10,101,409–10,103,408

−5.64

3.58

probable calcium-binding protein CML41

VIT_204s0008g07140

chr4:

7,279,720–7,281,719

DC

3.64

Aspartic proteinase CDR1-like

Disease Resistance36

VIT_216s0050g01150

chr16: 18052767–18,054,766

DC

4.11

Heat shock protein 83-like

VIT_204s0044g01420

chr4:

22,951,153–22,953,152

−3.83

4.70

Probable polygalacturonase-like

VIT_210s0003g05450

chr10: 10098885–10,100,884

−4.32

3.41

Reticuline oxidase-like protein

Response of plants to pathogenic attack 38

VIT_219s0014g00470

chr19: 478152–480,151

−3.06

3.07

Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase

MAMP-triggered innate immunity 38

VIT_210s0003g01220

chr10:

2,552,768–2,554,767

−4.32

4.42

Heavy metal-associated isoprenylated plant protein 26

Plant responses to environmental changes35

VIT_205s0077g01540

chr5: 1240180–1,242,179

−2.25

3.44

Pathogenesis-related protein 10

Response to biotic and abiotic stresses37

VIT_204s0008g03530

chr4: 2888437–2,890,436

DC

3.69

Ankyrin repeat-containing protein

Unknown

VIT_203s0063g00550

chr3:

4,059,484–4,061,483

DC

6.01

Unnamed protein product

Unknown

VIT_218s0001g08500

chr18:

6,946,257–6,948,256

−2.40

3.51

Unnamed protein product

Unknown

VIT_200s0270g00120

chrUn:

19,991,241–19,993,240

−4.32

4.59

Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor

Unknown

  1. DC detected only in control berries, DT detected only in melatonin-treated berries, FC fold change