Fig. 1

The growth performance and total chlorophyll content changes of B. napus seedlings exposed to six Cd concentration gradients. a The leaf chlorosis performance of B. napus seedlings exposed to no stress and to Cd stress under different Cd concentrations. b The changes in total chlorophyll content of B. napus seedlings exposed to six Cd²⁺ concentrations over time: 0 mg/L (control), 5 mg/L, 10 mg/L, 20 mg/L, 30 mg/L, 40 mg/L