Fig. 1

The morphological and histological structure of runner patterns in Fragaria vesca Hawaii-4 and Fragaria pentaphylla. a Schematic drawing of sympodial runner pattern of Fragaria vesca Hawaii-4. b-d Morphological picture of Fragaria vesca Hawaii-4, which produces dormant buds (C) and non-dormant buds (d) at varying intervals along the runner. e-g Histological images of emerged runner tips were taken by paraffin section, the dormant bud presents only axillary meristem (marked with black box), while the non-dormant bud presents both axillary meristem that will form the new runner tip (marked with red box and arrow) and shoot apical meristem (marked with red box) that will develop to form the new daughter plant. h Schematic drawing of monopodial runner pattern of Fragaria pentaphylla. i-k Except for the first bud, Fragaria pentaphylla produces sequential non-dormant buds. l-n The histological structure of emerged runner tip of Fragaria pentaphylla with active shoot apical meristem (marked with red box) and a developing axillary meristem that will form the new runner tip (marked with red box and arrow)