Table 2 Effect of nitrogen supplementation on the total chlorophyll, carotenoids and gas exchange parameters in Triticum aestivum L subjected to salinity stress. Data is mean (±SE) of three replicates. Values followed by different letters are significantly different at P < 0.05

Total Chlorophyll (mg g^− 1 FW)

1.621 ± 0.045c

0.9105 ± 0.016e

2.134 ± 0.131b

2.645 ± 0.142a

1.326 ± 0.0532d

1.730 ± 0.050c

Carotenoids (mg g^− 1 FW)

0.4620 ± 0.011c

0.3011 ± 0.010e

0.5123 ± 0.013b

0.6803 ± 0.012a

0.3982 ± 0.011d

0.4709 ± 0.014c

Photosynthetic rate (μmol CO₂ m⁻² s^− 1)

11.81 ± 0.54d

7.73 ± 0.51e

17.21 ± 1.01b

24.34 ± 1.21a

13.33 ± 0.45c

16.92 ± 1.001b

Net intercellular CO₂ (μmol m^− 2 s^− 1)

226.1 ± 7.12d

176.1 ± 6.15e

298.3 ± 9.15b

341.1 ± 9.98a

222.9 ± 6.99d

254.9 ± 8.012c

Stomatal conductance (mmol m^− 2 s^− 1)

312.1 ± 8.52d

246.3 ± 7.01e

398.1 ± 10.21b

441.9 ± 15.01a

314.6 ± 8.11d

371.2 ± 9.77bc

Transpiration rate (mmol H₂O m^− 2 s^− 1)

3.14 ± 0.10c

1.72 ± 0.011e

4.14 ± 0.14b

4.72 ± 0.13a

2.33 ± 0.031d

3.008 ± 0.21c