Fig. 1

Phenotype, genetic dissection and GWAS for Al tolerance within Ting’s core collection. a. Frequency distribution of RRE in Ting’s core collection; b. Principal component analysis on 3.8 million SNPs of Ting’s core collection; c. Genome-wide average LD decay estimated in Ting’s core collection; d. Manhattan plots of MLM for RRE in GWAS. Negative log₁₀(P) values from a genome-wide scan are plotted against position on each of 12 chromosomes. Blue and red arrow represent the loci close to previous genes as well as new loci, respectively. Red dash line represents significant threshold (P = 1.07 × 10^− 5)