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Table 1 Effects of CO2 concentrations on the stomatal density and morphological traits of individual stoma

From: Elevated CO2 concentration induces photosynthetic down-regulation with changes in leaf structure, non-structural carbohydrates and nitrogen content of soybean

Stomatal parameters

CO2 concentration (ppm)

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

p value

Adaxial surface

 Stomatal length (μm)

9.4 ± 1.3 (a)

9. 7 ± 1.6 (a)

9.6 ± 0.6 (a)

9.6 ± 0.8 (a)

9.0 ± 2.0 (a)

9.50 ± 0.5 (a)

9.8 ± 1.6 (a)

p > 0.05

 Stomatal width (μm)

2.2 ± 0.9 (a)

1.8 ± 0.4 (a)

2.6 ± 0.5 (a)

1.7 ± 0.2 (a)

2.7 ± 0.5 (a)

2.4 ± 0.5 (a)

2.5 ± 0.7 (a)

p > 0.05

 Stomatal area (μm2)

92.6 ± 16.2 (b)

88.7 ± 9.6 (b)

105.4 ± 5.2 (ab)

83.3 ± 9.0 (b)

126.4 ± 24.1 (a)

100.3 ± 17.2 (b)

103.9 ± 11.0 (ab)

p = 0.03

 Stomatal perimeter (μm)

40.7 ± 0.5 (ab)

45.0 ± 1.0 (ab)

41.0 ± 0.1 (ab)

37.9 ± 0.2 (b)

46.2 ± 0.4 (a)

40.5 ± 0.3 (ab)

41.2 ± 0.27 (ab)

p > 0.05

 Stomatal density (No./mm2)

16.8 ± 8.9 (a)

7.3 ± 4.9 (c)

6.6 ± 4.7 (bc)

17.8 ± 5.3 (a)

10.4 ± 6.4 (bc)

11.4 ± 6.3 (b)

8.7 ± 3.5 (b)

p = 0.04

 Stomatal shape index (%)

24.0 ± 1.3 (a)

20.4 ± 4.7 (b)

25.0 ± 0.2 (a)

24.1 ± 0.2 (a)

24.3 ± 2.4 (a)

24.6 ± 0.6 (a)

24.7 ± 0.7 (a)

p > 0.05

 Stomatal area index (%)

9.4 ± 1.7 (a)

3.9 ± 0.4 (d)

4.2 ± 0.3 (d)

9.0 ± 1.0 (a)

7.9 ± 1.5 (ab

6.9 ± 1.2 (bc)

5.4 ± 0.6 (cd)

p < 0.001

Abaxial surface

 Stomatal length (μm)

9.6 ± 1.7 (ab)

9.8 ± 0.6 (ab)

9.5 ± 0.8 (ab)

10.2 ± 0.7 (a)

8.9 ± 0.6 (b)

9.4 ± 0.2 (ab)

9.2 ± 0.1 (ab)

p > 0.05

 Stomatal width (μm)

3.1 ± 0.9 (a)

3.1 ± 0.3 (a)

3.2 ± 0.3 (a)

2.9 ± 0.4 (a)

3.0 ± 0.4 (a)

3.1 ± 0.2 (a)

2.8 ± 0.1 (a)

p > 0.05

 Stomatal area (μm2)

133.1 ± 0.5 (a)

123.9 ± 16.5 (ab)

108.9 ± 13.8 (bc)

102.3 ± 6.1 (c)

109.3 ± 7.5 (bc)

113.9 ± 9.2 (abc)

110.1 ± 17.8 (bc)

p > 0.05

 Stomatal perimeter (μm)

42.8 ± 5.5 (a)

44.6 ± 2.8 (a)

41.1 ± 3.1 (a)

40.7 ± 1.4 (a)

40.7 ± 2.0 (a)

42.6 ± 1.7 (a)

41.8 ± 3.3 (a)

p > 0.05

 Stomatal density (No./mm2)

101.3 ± 20.1 (abc)

128.3 ± 18 (a)

95.7 ± 10.8 (bc)

92 ± 17.0 (c)

104.8 ± 9.7 (abc)

84.2 ± 9.2 (c)

111.4 ± 17.8 (ab)

p > 0.05

 Stomatal shape index (%)

25.3 ± 0.1 (a)

24.9 ± 0.1 (a)

25.2 ± 0.4 (a)

24.9 ± 0.1 (a)

25.1 ± 0.5 (a)

25.0 ± 0.4 (a)

25.1 ± 0. (a)

p > 0.05

 Stomatal area index (%)

81.9 ± 0.3 (b)

96.3 ± 12.8 (a)

63.2 ± 8.0 (cd)

57.1 ± 3.4 (d)

69.5 ± 4.8 (bcd))

58.2 ± 4.72 (d)

74.8 ± 12.1 (bc)

p < 0.001

 Adaxial/abaxial ratio

0.23 ± 0.023 (ab)

0.12 ± 0.022 (c)

0.13 ± 0.042 (c)

0.26 ± 0.002(a)

0.21 ± 0.018 (b)

0.20 ± 0.013 (b)

0.09 ± 0.024 (c)

p < 0.001