Fig. 6

Comparison of genetic variation and divergence in wheat cultivars worldwide. a Genetic differentiation coefficients (Fst) and gene flows between subgroups are shown above and below the joining lines. b Genetic diversity of modern Chinese cultivars (MCC) and introduced cultivars (IC) from four regions. c Gene flow and genetic distance between MCC and European accessions composed of varieties from 18 countries. d Gene flow between MCC and accessions from the former USSR and Italy during different decades. e Comparison of average favorable allele frequencies of genes controlling grain yield, quality, adaptation and stress resistance in different regions. According to breeding objectives for high yield, good quality, stress resistance and adaptation, the alleles that suffered strong selections in this study were favorable alleles influencing high thousand kernel weight, excellent quality, stress resistance, and widely adaptation