Fig. 8
From: Cytosolic GAPDH as a redox-dependent regulator of energy metabolism
Pathways of carbohydrate oxidation. In unstressed cells (left panel), glycolysis and respiration are reinforced by the formation of a metabolon at the mitochondria attached to VDAC. In a stressed cell (right panel), GapC serves as a redox-sensor and mediates signal transfer to the nucleus, where genes required for poising and ROS defense are induced. NADPH is provided by GapN, specific for plants. In both cases, NADPH can also be provided by the OPP