Distinct expression and function of carotenoid metabolic genes and homoeologs in developing wheat grains

BMC Plant Biology

Table 1 Carotenoid composition and content in developing tetraploid wheat (var. Kronos) grain sections

μg carotenoid pigment/g fresh weight of tissue								β,ε/β,β
	Lutein	β-carotene	Zeaxanthin	Neoxanthin	Violaxanthin	Antheraxanthin	Total	β,ε/β,β
Embryo 3	3.75 ± 0.15^a	0.36 ± 0.05^a	0.28 ± 0.04^a	0.42 ± 0.04^a	3.06 ± 0.14^a	2.05 ± 0.17^a	9.93 ± 0.2^a	0.61 ± 0.04^a
Embryo 4	3.52 ± 0.12^a	0.39 ± 0.06^a	0.23 ± 0.05^a	0.38 ± 0.08^a	2.87 ± 0.22^ab	1.85 ± 0.08^a	9.24 ± 0.56^a	0.62 ± 0.04^a
Embryo 5	2.46 ± 0.33^b	0.39 ± 0.02^a	ND	0.34 ± 0.02^a	2.55 ± 0.27^b	1.83 ± 0.02^a	7.33 ± 0.97^b	0.51 ± 0.03^b
Endosperm 3	4.65 ± 0.38^c	ND	ND	ND	1.51 ± 0.08^c	ND	6.16 ± 0.4^c	3.09 ± 0.29^c
Endosperm 4	4.99 ± 0.64^c	ND	ND	ND	1.28 ± 0.24^c	ND	6.27 ± 0.88^bc	3.92 ± 0.21^c
Endosperm 5	3.75 ± 0.3^a	ND	ND	ND	0.48 ± 0.07^d	ND	4.23 ± 0.25^d	8.02 ± 1.57^d
Pericarp 3	18.92 ± 2.62^d	8.98 ± 1.44^b	ND	3.72 ± 0.64^b	7.65 ± 1.02^e	ND	39.27 ± 5.69^e	0.93 ± 0.01^e
Pericarp 4	15.55 ± 1.43^de	7.78 ± 0.5^b	ND	2.94 ± 0.3^b	6.24 ± 0.66^ef	ND	32.5 ± 2.43^e	0.92 ± 0.04^e
Pericarp 5	12.09 ± 1.73^e	5.01 ± 0.42^c	ND	2.02 ± 0.15^c	4.81 ± 0.63^f	ND	23.93 ± 2.93^f	1.02 ± 0.04^f

Data presented are mean ± SD of three biological replicates. Different letters indicate significantly (P < 0.05) different carotenoid content or β,ε/β,β ratios in each column. β,ε/β,β, ratio between β,ε- and β,β-branch carotenoids. ND not detectable

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