Fig. 6

The effect of biochar-amendment in the rice growth medium on the ET-pathway in the rice roots. a Relative expression levels of OsERF1, OsEBP89, OsERF70, which are involved in the ethylene response pathway, were analyzed at 24 hpi using qRT-PCR. b Relative expression levels of OsACO7 and OsACS1, which are involved in the ethylene biosynthesis pathway, were analyzed at 24 hpi using qRT-PCR. c Relative expression levels of OsEIN2, which is involved in the ethylene signaling pathway, were analyzed at 24 hpi using qRT-PCR. The gene expression levels were normalized using three internal reference genes, OsEXP, OsEif5C and OsEXPnarsai. The data shown are the relative transcript levels compared with the control roots (expression level set at 1). The bars represent the mean expression level ± SE from two independent biological replicates and three technical replicates, each containing a pool of 6 plants. Asterisks indicate significantly different expression levels (p ≤ 0.05). 1.2 % Biochar + Mg, 1.2 % biochar amendment plus M. graminicola inoculation; 1.2 % Biochar, 1.2 % biochar amendment alone; Mg, M. graminicola inoculation alone; control, non-amended and non-inoculated. d Effect of an Ein2b-RNAi mutant, which is deficient in ethylene signaling, and the wild type Nipponbare on nematode infection at 14 dpi. The bars represent the mean of the data from three independent biological replicates, each containing 6 plants. Different letters indicate significant differences (Duncan’s multiple range test at p ≤ 0.05)