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Fig. 1 | BMC Plant Biology

Fig. 1

From: Transcriptome analysis of 20 taxonomically related benzylisoquinoline alkaloid-producing plants

Fig. 1

Major routes of BIA biosynthesis leading to (S)-reticuline (light pink), papaverine (yellow), morphine (green), sanguinarine (orange), berberine (blue) and noscapine (purple). C-O and C-C coupling reactions are shown for berbamunine (olive) and corytuberine (dark pink), respectively. Red within each alkaloid highlights enzyme-catalyzed structural changes. Solid and dotted arrows represent reactions catalyzed by single and multiple enzymes, respectively. Enzymes abbreviated in blue text have been characterized at the molecular level, whereas those in black text have not been cloned. Abbreviations: 3'-OHase, 3'-hydroxylase; 3'OMT, 3'-O-methyltransferase; 3OHase, 3-hydroxylase; 4HPPDC, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate decarboxylase; 4'OMT, 3'-hydroxy-N-methylcoclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase; 6OMT, norcoclaurine 6-O-methyltransferase; AT1, 1,13-dihydroxy-N-methylcanadine 13-O-acetyltransferase; BBE, berberine bridge enzyme; BS, berbamunine synthase; CAS, canadine synthase; CFS, cheilanthifoline synthase; CNMT, coclaurine N-methyltransferase; CODM, codeine O-demethylase; CoOMT, columbamine O-methyltransferase; COR, codeinone reductase; CTS, corytuberine synthase; CYP82X1, 1-hydroxy-13-O-acetyl-N-methylcanadine 8-hydroxylase; CYP82X2, 1-hydroxy-N-methylcanadine 13-hydroxylase; CYP82Y1, N-methylcanadine 1-hydroxylase; CDBOX, dihydrobenzophenanthridine oxidase; CXE1, 3-O-acetylpapaveroxine carboxylesterase; MSH, N-methylstylopine hydroxylase; N7OMT, norreticuline 7-O-methyltransferase; NCS, norcoclaurine synthase; NMCanH, N-methylcanadine 1-hydroxylase; NMCH, N-methylcoclaurine 3'-hydroxylase; NOS, noscapine synthase; P6H, protopine 6-hydroxylase; REPI, reticuline epimerase; SalAT, salutaridinol 7-O-acetyltransferase; SalR, salutaridine reductase; SalSyn, salutaridine synthase; SanR, sanguinarine reductase; SOMT, scoulerine 9-O-methyltransferase; SPS, stylopine synthase; STOX, (S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine oxidase; T6ODM, thebaine 6-O-demethylase; TNMT, tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase; TYDC, tyrosine decarboxylase; TyrAT, tyrosine aminotransferase

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