Fig. 1

Geographical distribution of six species/subspecies of the Phalaenopsis amabilis species complex and Southeast Asia landmasses between the Pleistocene and the present. In Pleistocene times, Indochina, Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and the Philippines were interconnected and were separated from Sulawesi by the Makassar Strait. Four phylogeographic break lines were shown in red dashed lines (modified from [6]) and distribution region of six species/subspecies of the Phalaenopsis amabilis species complex drawed by different color in the map. Images for six species/subspecies of the Phalaenopsis amabilis species complex were photographed by CC Tsai (the first author)