Fig. 1

Phylogeny of Pedicularis inferred from Bayesian Inference (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML) methods using nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) and three plastid (matK, rbcL and trnL-F) datasets. Topology shows the majority rule consensus of the Bayesian inference tree using the combined nrITS and plastid datasets. Values above the branches indicate BI posterior probability (PP) ≥0.50 and ML bootstrap support (BS) ≥50. Infra-generic group number and series names are listed in parentheses after each species name in accordance with the system of Tsoong [23, 31–33]. Infra-generic informal group name and number (in parentheses) are summarized under the major clade number. Samples from the Europe, North America and Japan, are annotated by the pentagram (★), circle (●) and triangle (▲), respectively. Morphological character states of Pedicularis are represented by the grid of boxes to the right, where columns correspond to phyllotaxy, corolla tube, galea tooth, and galea beak, respectively; filled boxes (■) indicate spiral phyllotaxy, short corolla tubes, toothless galeas, beakless galeas, while unfilled boxes (□) indicate opposite/whorled phyllotaxy, elongate corolla tubes, toothed galeas, and beaked galeas