Figure 5
HAE-induced resistance to M. sexta and S. littoralis in four Nicotiana species. Each column represents different species, top and bottom rows represent induced resistance to M. sexta and S. littoralis respectively. For each plant species, the larva mass of M. sexta and S. littoralis fed on HAE-treated leaves was normalized to M. sexta and S. littoralis fed on leaves treated with wounding + water (control). Each bar indicates insects fed on leaves treated with wounding and different HAEs. Symbols on each bar represent the statistical significance of each treatment to control. NS indicate no significance was found (p > 0.05); * indicates p < 0.05; ** indicates p < 0.01; *** indicates p < 0.001.