Secretions from the ventral eversible gland of Spodoptera exigua caterpillars activate defense-related genes and induce emission of volatile organic compounds in tomato, Solanum lycopersicum

Table 1 Levels of defense-related enzymes in tomato plants in response to six treatments

Hours after treatment	Treatment	Enzymatic activity (nkat/mg protein)
Hours after treatment	Treatment	POD	PPO	LOX
0	VEGI	55.29 ± 2.95a	52.35 ± 4.65a	13.54 ± 0.66a
	VEGA	61.17 ± 1.35a	58.23 ± 0.89a	28. 45 ± 6.54a
	MI + OSVEGI	66.46 ± 1.14a	56.42 ± 2.80a	22.71 ± 1.12a
	MI + OSVEGA	64.60 ± 4.38a	62.39 ± 11.44a	11.20 ± 0.88a
	MI	49.70 ± 0.75a	59.25 ± 5.49a	12.97 ± 3.48a
	Undamaged	56.48 ± 1.14a	60.51 ± 3.47a	34.80 ± 2.14a
24	VEGI	363.60 ± 17.66a	212.08 ± 20.20b	85.84 ± 12.59a
	VEGA	182.81 ± 3.97c	130.06 ± 8.76c	57.67 ± 3.22b
	MI + OSVEGI	239.45 ± 24.23b	236.78 ± 23.97a	127.54 ± 6.61a
	MI + OSVEGA	175.78 ± 5.79c	139.45 ± 4.65c	46.56 ± 1.71b
	MI	179.29 ± 21.89c	134.82 ± 25.09c	53.33 ± 5.24b
	Undamaged	178.70 ± 1.22c	141.43 ± 6.76c	22.05 ± 0.61b
48	VEGI	407.96 ± 17.10b	305.29 ± 17.47a	70.75 ± 2.06a
	VEGA	157.79 ± 10.50d	125.63 ± 22.31c	33.95 ± 2.89d
	MI + OSVEGI	489.27 ± 23.70a	210.60 ± 7.35b	57.06 ± 2.70b
	MI + OSVEGA	188.80 ± 11.67c	129.27 ± 6.05c	17.17 ± 2.22c
	MI	199.16 ± 10.30c	89.65 ± 68.88c	31.18 ± 5.37d
	Undamaged	195.25 ± 7.41c	89.63 ± 17.64c	27.47 ± 6.49d
72	VEGI	552.26 ± 24.75a	339.99 ± 21.92a	213.67 ± 35.32a
	VEGA	186.40 ± 7.67e	130.76 ± 24.01c	63.78 ± 8.84b
	MI + OSVEGI	492.27 ± 17.01b	246.12 ± 15.96b	219.46 ± 9.81a
	MI + OSVEGA	224.92 ± 12.97c	143.74 ± 8.34c	65.38 ± 3.07b
	MI	150.80 ± 8.22d	137.80 ± 5.03c	70.18 ± 1.85b
	Undamaged	187.66 ± 18.53e	147.32 ± 20.83c	69.45.68 ± 1.09b

Table shows activity (expressed as mean ± SEM nkat/mg protein) of three defense-related enzymes, peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and lipoxygenase (LOX), in tomato plants damaged by caterpillars with the VEG intact (VEGI), plants damaged by caterpillars with the VEG ablated (VEGA), mechanically injured (MI) plants, mechanically injured plants treated with oral secretion (OS) from VEGI caterpillars (MI + OSVEGI), mechanically injured plants treated with OS from VEGA caterpillars (MI + OSVEGA), and undamaged (control) plants, at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h after caterpillar feeding. Data were collected from three plants (i.e. 3 biological replicates) per treatment. Means (±SEM) within the same column and time period having different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05).

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