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Figure 1 | BMC Plant Biology

Figure 1

From: Agrobacterium-derived cytokinin influences plastid morphology and starch accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana during transient assays

Figure 1

Impact of infiltration with A.tumefaciens strains GVR and GV on stromule induction and plastid position. ‘Stacked’ fluorescence images of N. benthamiana lower epidermis with FNR-EGFP labeled plastids (single cells outlined in red). Nuclei of non-infiltrated cells were labeled via DAPI staining, while the nuclei of GVR-infiltrated cells were labeled via nucleoplasmic DsRed2. Epidermal plastids are dark grey, nuclei labeled ‘n’, location of stomata labeled ‘S’ (plastids surrounding are within guard cells). Plastids in close proximity to the nucleus are indicated by asterisks ‘*’. Images were converted to gray scale and inverted for easier viewing of stromules. Images were taken 3 days post-infiltration. Scale bars=20 μm (A, B). A Non-infiltrated tissue. B GVR-infiltrated tissue. Examples of stromules indicated with white arrows. C Bar graph illustrating average stromule frequency (SF) in non-infiltrated (NI) and GVR-infiltrated (GVR) tissues. Rank sum (NI-GVR): U=0, p<0.001. Sample sizes: n(NI,GVR)=9. D Box plot illustrating the distribution and median stromule lengths in non-infiltrated (NI) and GVR-infiltrated (GVR) tissues. Rank sum (NI-GVR): U=3002, p=0.022. Sample sizes: n(NI)=30, n(GVR)=269. E Box plot illustrating median plastid nuclear association index (PNAI) in non-infiltrated (NI) and GVR-infiltrated (GVR) tissues. Rank sum (NI-GVR): U=593, p<0.001. Sample sizes: n(NI)=100, n(GVR)=73. F Bar graph illustrating average stromule frequency (SF) in non-infiltrated (NI), GVR-infiltrated (GVR) and GV-infiltrated (GV) tissues. Rank sum (NI-GVR): U=1, p<0.001; (NI-GV): U=4, p=0.001; (GV-GVR): U=34, p=0.596. Sample sizes: n(NI,GV,GVR)=9. G Box plot of median stromule lengths in non-infiltrated (NI), GVR-infiltrated (GVR) and GV-infiltrated (GV) tissues. Rank sum (NI-GVR): U=56132, p<0.001); (NI-GV): U=28578.5, p<0.001; (GV-GVR): U=68971.5, p=0.652). Sample sizes: n(NI)=325, n(GVR)=535, and n(GV)=263. H Box plot illustrating the median plastid nuclear association index (PNAI) in non-infiltrated (NI), GVR-infiltrated (GVR) and GV-infiltrated (GV) tissues. Rank sum (NI-GVR): U=7356.5, p<0.001; (NI-GV): U=6266, p<0.001; (GV-GVR): U=12097.5, p=0.082. Sample sizes: n(NI)=259, n(GVR)=157, and n(GV)=173. C, F Raw data was arcsine transformed and bars represent back-transformed means. Error bars represent back-transformed 95% confidence intervals. D, E, G, H Boxes contain 50% of data, the median is represented by black line, and error bars represent 90% confidence intervals.

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