Figure 5

Scheme of the polyphenol biosynthetic pathways in grape berries during development and ripening. These include shikimate pathway as the phenylalanine (Phe) source, the general phenylpropanoid pathway and the branches of monolignols and flavonoids, including flavonols, proanthocyanidins (PAs) and anthocyanins (ACs) The protein levels of the regulated enzymes are shown in coloured squares, indicating the change of expression (log₂ ratio) for each developmental stage in relation to the 15 mm stage. In sequence order (left to right), stages are displayed from FS, 4 mm, 7 mm, 15 mm, V-100, 110 g/l, and 140 g/l. Different isoforms or subunits of proteins are shown as different rows. The enzyme names for each catalytic step are indicated in red if differentially expressed and identified, or in black if not detected. PAL, phenylalanine ammonia lyase; C4H, cinnamate-4-hydroxylase; 4CL, 4-coumarate CoA-ligase; CHS, chalcone synthase; CHI, chalcone isomerase; F3H, flavonoid 3-hydroxylase; DFR, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase; ANS/LDOX, anthocyanidin reductase/leucoanthocyanidin dioxigenase; UFGT, UDP-glucose flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase; ANR, anthocyanidin reductase; LAR, leucoanthocyanidin reductase; CCR, cinnamoyl-CoA reductase; CAD, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase; DHAPS, 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase; DD-SDH, dehydroquinate dehydratase shikimate:nadp oxidoreductase; EPSPS, 5-enol-pyruvylshikimate-phosphate synthase; CHOSy, chorismate synthase.