Figure 2

Functionality and substrate specificity of VvCCD1, VvCCD4a and VvCCD4b in a heterologous in vivo bacterial system. CCDs were expressed in Escherichia coli engineered to accumulate specific carotenoids. Volatile apocarotenoids produced after cleavage were determined using GC/MS. Data is represented as the average and standard deviation of three biological repeats (n = 3). pTWIN1 represents the empty vector control. Significant differences between pTWIN1 (control) and VvCCDs are indicated with an asterisk (* = p-value ≤ 0.01). nd = not determined.