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Table 1 cDNAs and predicted proteins of selected grain amaranth genes involved in sucrose and starch metabolism

From: Metabolic and enzymatic changes associated with carbon mobilization, utilization and replenishment triggered in grain amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) in response to partial defoliation by mechanical injury or insect herbivory

Gene

ORF1(bp)2

Size (bp)3

Size (KDa)

Identity (%)

Species

Accesion number

Salient characteristics

Ref4

AhAGPS-1

1524

2019

55.7

91

Beta vulgaris

HM021763

The only small subunit AGPase detected in the Ah’s transcriptome. Highly similar to AGPase isoforms of sugar beet root and orange fruit (Citrus sinensis).

[46]

AhSuS-1

2412

2769

92.1

93

Beta vulgaris

JQ012918

Member of a small multi-gene family of at least seven different isoforms; similar to SBSS2 and CSS1proteins identified in roots of B. vulgaris and in C. rubrum, respectively. Classified within the Dicot SUS-1group.

[47–50]

AhSuS-2

2436

2832

93.3

78

Beta vulgaris

JQ012919

Similar to the SBSS1 protein induced by wounding, anoxia and cold-exposure in roots of B. vulgaris. Its putative mitochondrial localization implies novel roles apart from sucrose degradation. Classified within the Dicot SUS-A group.

[31, 50–52]

AhA/NI-1

1671

1928

63.3

74

Daucus carota

JQ012920

An A/N invertase isoform predicted to be localized to the chloroplast (sub-clade β). Supports the general participation of A/NIs in the carbon flux between the cytosol and the plastids.

[53, 54]

AhA/NI-2*

903

1171

———

77

Vitis vinifera

JQ012922

An A/N invertase isoform predicted to be localized to the chloroplast (sub-clade β).

[54, 55]

AhVI-1

1977

2282

73.8

79

Beta vulgaris

JQ012921

Isoform grouped within the VI clade. Similar to a VI expressed in petioles of juvenile B. vulgaris, and to a soluble acid β-fructofuranosidase identified in D. carota. Its signal peptide predicts it to be a type II membrane protein that is anchored to the vacuolar membrane, similarly to Arabidopsis, rice, barley, and sugarcane. Membrane anchorage of AhVI-1 may permit a more precise control of its destination and activity.

[34, 56, 57]

AhCWI*

964

991

———

75

Beta vulgaris

JQ012923

Isoform grouped within the CWI clade. Has shared identity with CWIs from B. vulgaris and C. rubrum. Predicted to be a secretory protein having a hydrophobic 26 aa signal peptide that is required for co-translational insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum and secretion from the cell.

[34, 48]

  1. The percentage of identity with the closest annotated homolog is shown. cDNAs marked with an asterisk (*) are not full-length.
  2. 1ORF = Open Reading Frame.
  3. 2aa = amino-acids.
  4. 3 bp = base pairs.
  5. 4Ref = References.