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Table 4 Domestication and ferality characteristics of parental species within the Carthamus family

From: Introgression potential between safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) and wild relatives of the genus Carthamus

  

Parental species

Plant stage

Trait

C. tinct.

a C. oxy.

C. pal.

C. leuc.

C. glauc.

C. lan.

b C. turk.

C. cret.

Seed

Pappus

No

No

Some

Yes

Some

Yes

Yes

Yes

 

Seed color

W

St

W

B

W-T

T-B

B

B

 

mg/seed

51.4 ± 4.5

9.9/13.1

38.6 ± 5.6

9.1 ± 0.3

44.4 ± 4.4

32.5 ± 3.7

44.5/49.8

25.8 ± 2.1

 

Germination rate

95%

50%/75%

92%

100%

44%

100%

39%/100%

72%

 

Seeds per plant

169 ± 55

215/8

373 ± 163

2267 ± 306

77 ± 43

1100 ± 100

860/543

753 ± 46

Cotyledon

Cotyledon size

55.2/21.7

51.5/8.5 55.6/11.5

51.6/21.6

34.5/14.1

51.0/20.9

70.8/29.7

55.1/27.9 59.2/28.8

61.4/21.9

Rosette

Leaf blade shape

oblanceolate

oblanceolate

oblanceolate

bipinnatifid

oblanceolate

pinnatifid

bipinnatifid

bipinnatifid

 

Number of leaves

3.9 ± 0.6

12.5/15.7

11.0 ± 6.9

51.8 ± 1.8

8.8 ± 1.6

47.0 ± 5.8

74.0/53.8

34.6 ± 5.7

 

Number of spines

12.9 ± 0.9

51.0/51.3

47.0 ± 6.9

300.0 ± 0.0

42.0 ± 7.13

460.0 ± 0.0

300.0/300.0

316.0 ± 43.4

 

Spine location

1

4

3

4

2

4

4

4

Bolting

Rosette period (days)

12.4 ± 1.5

30.0/44.3

28.2 ± 6.2

85.0 ± 1.4

22.0 ± 1.1

74.6 ± 2.7

110.0/106.2

66.6 ± 8.1

 

Number of branches

5.6 ± 0.9

11.0/19.3

8.0 ± 2.6

11.3 ± 1.5

17.3 ± 1.5

13.0 ± 3.6

11.0/22.3

27.7 ± 3.5

 

Branch angle

I

I

I

A/I

I

S

S

S

 

Branching position

upper 3/5

base to apex

upper 3/5

base to apex

base to apex

upper 4/5

upper 3/5

upper 3/5

Inflorescence

Days to flowering

69.1 ± 4.0

63.0/85.0

75.0 ± 13.0

153.2 ± 34.6

63.2 ± 1.9

122.8 ± 8.5

145.5/139.0

98.6 ± 4.6

 

Days of flowering

36.3 ± 10.8

na/64.7

64.0 ± 19.2

99.3 ± 4.5

97.5 ± 3.5

54.7 ± 12.7

108.3/70.0

52.7 ± 7.0

 

Heads per branch

5.0 ± 1.2

38.0/16.7

6.3 ± 4.9

68.3 ± 19.7

6.7 ± 2.9

26.0 ± 1.7

11.0/9.3

14.0 ± 1.7

New flowers

Corolla color (petals)

yellow

yellow

yellow

white-purple

yellow

yellow

light yellow

cream

Mature head

Shattering

No

Some/Some

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

 

Flower heads per plant

9.0 ± 1.9

215.0/144.0

35.0 ± 19.9

413.3 ± 24.8

57.3 ± 21.7

126.0 ± 42.3

50.7/70.3

85.7 ± 9.2

  1. Phenotypes were obtained from a minimum of five parental individuals.
  2. a C. oxyacanthus genotypes PI 426427/PI 426477, b C. turkestanicus genotypes PI 426180/PI426426.
  3. C. tinct.: C. tinctorius, C. oxy.: C. oxyacanthus, C. pal.: C. palaestinus, C.leuc.: C. leucocaulos, C. glauc.: C. glaucus, C. lan.: C. lanatus, C. turk.: C. turkestanicus, C. cret.: C. creticus. Seed color: (W) white, (C) cream, (T) tan, (B) brown, (St) brown/brown striped. Cotyledon size: Length/Width in mm. Rosette spine number: Maximum number of spines per leaf. Rosette spine location: (1) distal 1/3 to 1/2, (2) distal 1/2 to 2/3, (3) distal 1/2 to all along margins, (4) tip and all along margins. Branch angle: (A) appressed (15° to 20°), (I) intermediate (20° to 60°), (S) spreading (60° to 90°). Heads per branch: Maximum number.