Growth, physiological, biochemical and structural parameters | Ambient temperature (23/18°C) | Elevated temperature I (25.5/20.5°C) | Elevated temperature II (28/23°C) |
---|---|---|---|
Life span (days) | 76.2 ± 2.2a | 71.0 ± 3.6b | 60.4 ± 1.9c |
Plant biomass (mg) | 2128.0 ± 349.4a | 2116.7 ± 337.7a | 1378.5 ± 370.4b |
Total weight of seeds (mg) | 392.5 ± 110.7b | 536.6 ± 139.6a | 338.5 ± 114.9b |
SD (number per mm2) on the adaxial surface | 181 ± 13b | 224 ± 15a | 200 ± 14ab |
SD (number per mm2) on the abaxial surface | 206 ± 14b | 265 ± 16a | 214 ± 13b |
gs (m mol m-2 s-1) | 378 ± 24b | 423 ± 28a | 385 ± 21ab |
E (m mol m-2 s-1) | 7.5 ± 0.4b | 8.4 ± 0.6a | 7.7 ± 0.4b |
A (μ mol m-2 s-1) | 14.3 ± 1.1b | 16.5 ± 1.4a | 12.4 ± 0.9c |
Soluble sugars (μgmg-1 DW) | 38.7 ± 3.0ab | 35.2 ± 1.3b | 40.0 ± 2.0a |
Starch (μgmg-1 DW) | 61.4 ± 5.7a | 53.7 ± 2.3b | 48.8 ± 4.3b |
Protein (μgmg-1 DW) | 19.7 ± 1.9a | 20.0 ± 2.3a | 22.0 ± 2.2a |
Chlorophyll a (mg g-1 FW) | 0.93 ± 0.05b | 1.04 ± 0.07a | 0.84 ± 0.04b |
Chlorophyll b (mg g-1 FW) | 0.30 ± 0.02ab | 0.34 ± 0.03a | 0.26 ± 0.03b |
Chlorophyll a+b (mg g-1 FW) | 1.23 ± 0.06b | 1.38 ± 0.09a | 1.10 ± 0.07b |
Chlorophyll a/b | 3.1 ± 0.2a | 3.1 ± 0.2a | 3.2 ± 0.2a |
MDA (nmol g-1 FW) | 2.3 ± 0.2b | 2.0 ± 0.2b | 3.8 ± 0.5a |
Proline (ug g-1 FW) | 15.3 ± 2.1b | 22.8 ± 3.2a | 14.4 ± 1.7b |
SOD (Unit g-1 FW) | 295 ± 16b | 347 ± 25a | 319 ± 18ab |
CAT (Unit g-1 FW min-1) | 7.9 ± 1.1b | 16.1 ± 1.5a | 17.7 ± 1.9a |
Leaf thickness (μm) | 159 ± 14a | 155 ± 14ab | 146 ± 13b |
Cell Size (μm2) | 981 ± 398a | 939 ± 372a | 774 ± 337b |
Number of cell layer | 7.6 ± 1.1a | 7.5 ± 1.2a | 7.3 ± 1.2a |
Number of chloroplasts per cell | 8.5 ± 2.2a | 9.0 ± 2.8a | 6.6 ± 2.5b |
Chloroplast length (μm)* | 5.0 ± 1.3a | 5.1 ± 1.4a | 5.1 ± 1.3a |
Chloroplast width (μm)* | 2.3 ± 0.5a | 1.9 ± 0.4b | 1.6 ± 0.4c |
Area of chloroplast profile (μm2) | 9.2 ± 5.0a | 7.8 ± 4.0b | 6.7 ± 3.5b |
Area per starch grain (μm2) | 1.2 ± 0.7a | 0.5 ± 0.3b | 0.5 ± 0.3b |
Ratio of total starch grains per chloroplast relative to chloroplast area (%) | 29 ± 9a | 15 ± 5b | 13 ± 5b |
Mitochondrial length (μm)* | 0.7 ± 0.2b | 0.9 ± 0.2a | 0.7 ± 0.1b |
Mitochondrial width (μm)* | 0.5 ± 0.1b | 0.6 ± 0.1a | 0.5 ± 0.1b |