Figure 1

Secondary metabolism leading to the biosynthesis of proanthocyanidines and to the biosynthesis of stilbenes. Abbreviations: DAHP, 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase; PAL, L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; C4H, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase; 4CL, 4-coumarate CoA-ligase; CCR, cinnamoyl-CoA reductase; CAD, cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase; STS, stilbene synthase; CHS, chalcone synthase; CHI, chalcone isomerase; F3H, flavanone 3-hydroxylase; F3'H, flavanoid 3'-hydroxylase; F3'5'H, flavanoid 3'5'-hydroxylase; DFR, dihydroflavanol reductase; ANS, anthocyanidin synthase; ANR, anthocyanidin reductase; LAR, leucoanthocyanidin reductase; MATE, multidrug and toxic compound extrusion transporter. Adapted from Mellway et al. [30].