Fig. 1

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) assay in the Nipponbare seeds and the sampling scheme. A The PHS phenotypes of the Nipponbare panicles at 30, 45, and 60 days after heading (DAH). The phenotypes, both before and after PHS assay, are presented. Scale bar, 5 cm. B The PHS rates of the Nipponbare panicles at 30, 45, and 60 DAH (N = 9). The significance was determined using the Student’s t-test, ***P < 0.001. C The sampling scheme employed in this study: embryo and endosperm