Fig. 3

Possible mechanisms of ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers in the regulation of plant immunity during fungal infection. SYD (Splayed protein) and BRM (Brahma protein) are recruited to target loci and regulate the expression of defense-related genes. BRM also promotes the nucleosome stability. PIE1 (Photoperiod-Independent Early Flowering 1) is responsible for replacing the canonical histone H2A with a histone H2A variant. BRHIS1 (BIT-responsive Histone-interacting SNF2 ATPase 1) is recruited to the promoters of genes implicated in disease defense through interactions with monoubiquitinated histone variants. Under normal growth conditions, BRHIS1 binds to monoubiquitinated histones, suppressing the expression of disease defense-related genes. Upon pathogen attack, the down-regulation of BRHIS1 and the coincident up-regulation of H2A.Xa and H2B.7 displace BRHIS1 binding, resulting in gene activation. CHR19 (chromatin remodeler 19) is involved in nucleosome position mobilization (sliding). DDM1 (Decreased DNA Methylation 1) represses the transcription of plant defense genes during a pathogen attack. By contrast, CHR5 (chromatin remodeler 5) upregulates the transcription of plant defense genes